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Horsh Beirut
Horsh Beirut (Arabic: حرش بيروت) is an urban park in Beirut, Lebanon. The urban park is also known as Horsh El Snoubar (Arabic: حرش الصنوبر) or Bois de Pins (Arabic and French, respectively, for the Pine Forest); it covers about 40,000 m²〔Doyle, Paul. ''Lebanon'', Bradt Travel Guides, 2012, page 153.〕 of green space within municipal Beirut.
== History ==
Horsh suffered throughout history frequent abuse of its timber especially by the armies of the Crusaders, Mamluks, Ottomans, and the Allies of World War II to build ships and weapons.〔Al-Wali, T. (1993). ''Beirut fi'Tarikh wal'Hadara wal'Omran'' (Beirut: History, Culture, and Urbanism). Beirut: ''Dar al-Elem lil'Malayeen''. pp. 106-107.〕 Large parts of the pine forest were segmented-out to become an Ottoman Casino in 1917 (which became the Pine Residence later during the French Mandate of Lebanon), a horse racecourse in 1921, ''Al-Shohadaa'' Cemetery in 1958, and ''Rawdat al-Shaheedein'' Cemetery in the 1970s. Moreover, the development of new roads during the 1950s state planning produced some leftovers of the remaining woodland that became subject to conflict and appropriation.
During recent history, Horsh was bombed to burn by Israeli jet fighters during the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. From a pine forest over 1,250,000 m2 in 1696 it decreased to a park over 800,000 m2 in 1967 (≈ 5% of Municipal Beirut),〔Al-Wali, T. (1993). ''Beirut fi'Tarikh wal'Hadara wal'Omran'' (Beirut: History, Culture, and Urbanism). Beirut: ''Dar al-Elem lil'Malayeen''.〕 Today, Horsh Al-Sanawbar is a 300,000 m2 large〔http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/23549〕 triangular park at the southern border of the city limited by Omar Beyhum Street, 22 November Avenue, and Abdelnasser Avenue. It lies along the axis of the old airport road amidst areas of ''Mazraa'', ''Tarik el-Jdideh'', ''Qasqas'', ''Sabra'', ''Ghobeyri'', ''Shiyah'', ''Furn el-Shebak'', and ''Badaro'' while it is separated from ''Ras el-Nabaa'' by the Beirut Hippodrome.
Horsh Beirut has been reconstructed after the end of the Lebanese Civil War and it has been closed for the general public for about 25 years.〔http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/closed-to-the-public-for-decades-beiruts-only-park-may-re-open-this-year〕 Lebanese citizens had to apply for a permission and only have chances to get one if they are older than 35 years.〔http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/closed-to-the-public-for-decades-beiruts-only-park-may-re-open-this-year〕 At the same time there have been reports of Western foreigners getting permission while applications by Lebanese were rejected.〔http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/closed-to-the-public-for-decades-beiruts-only-park-may-re-open-this-year〕〔https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=zXfM93OFGNQ〕 Beirut residents have repeatedly protested against the denial of access to the park including the unequal access policies for Western and non-Western park visitors.〔http://nextcity.org/daily/entry/closed-to-the-public-for-decades-beiruts-only-park-may-re-open-this-year〕〔https://www.facebook.com/events/757799234333334/〕 However, it ended up being reopened to the public by the governor of Beirut Ziad Chebib on September 3, 2015, in what was considered a victory for civil society after constantly demanding its reopening to all Lebanese citizens.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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